Fashion

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FASHION

Fashion in clothes has allowed wearers to express emotion or solidarity with other people for millennia. Modern Westerners have a wide choice available in the selection of their clothes. What a person chooses to wear can reflect their personality or likes. When people who have cultural status start to wear new or different clothes a fashion trend may start; people who like or respect them may start to wear clothes of a similar style.

Fashions may vary significantly within a society according to age, social class, generation, occupation and geography as well as over time. If, for example, an older person dresses according to the fashion of young people, he or she may look ridiculous in the eyes of both young and older people. The term "fashion victim" refers to someone who slavishly follows the current fashions (implementations of fashion)..

One can regard the system of sporting various fashions as a fashion language incorporating various fashion statements using a grammar of fashion. (Compare some of the work of Roland Barthes.)

Fashion and the process of change

Fashion, by definition, changes constantly. The change may proceed more rapidly than in most other fields of human activity (language, thought, etc). For some, modern fast-paced change in fashion embodies many of the negative aspects of capitalism: it results in waste and encourages people qua consumers to buy things unnecessarily. Others, especially young people, enjoy the diversity that changing fashion can apparently provide, seeing the constant change as a way to satisfy their desire to experience "new" and "interesting" things. Note too though that fashion can change to enforce uniformity, as in the case where so-called Mao suits became the national uniform of Mainland China.

Materially affluent societies can offer a variety of different fashions, in clothes or accessories, to choose from. At the same time there remains an equal or larger range designated (at least currently) 'out of fashion'. (These or similar fashions may cyclically come back 'into fashion' in due course, and remain 'in fashion' again for a while.)

Practically every aspect of appearance that can be changed has been changed at some time. In the past, new discoveries and lesser-known parts of the world could provide an impetus to change fashions based on the exotic: Europe in the eighteenth or nineteenth centuries, for example, might favour things Turkish at one time, things Chinese at another, and things Japanese at a third. The global village has reduced the options of exotic novelty in more recent times.

Fashion houses and their associated fashion designers, as well as high-status consumers (including celebrities), appear to have some role in determining the rates and directions of fashion change.


Fashion and status
Fashion can suggest or signal status in a social group. Groups with high cultural status like to keep 'in fashion' to display their position; people who do not keep 'in fashion' within a so-called "style tribe" can risk shunning. Because keeping 'in fashion' often requires considerable amounts of money, fashion can be used to show off wealth (compare conspicuous consumption). Adherence to fashion trends can thus form an index of social affluence and an indicator of social mobility.

Fashion can help attract a partner. As well as showing certain features of a person's personality that appeal to prospective mates, keeping up with fashion can advertise a person's status to such candidates.

"Fashion sense" consists of the ability to tell what clothing and/or accessories look good and what doesn't. Since the entire notion of fashion depends on subjectivity, so does the question of who possesses "fashion sense". Some people style themselves as "fashion consultants" and charge clients to help the latter choose what to wear.

Fashion can operate differently depending on gender, or it can promote homogeneity as in unisex styles.

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The above article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion 9/12/04 Above article modified by Apparel Search




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Naomi Campbell

Campbell's first public appearance came aged 7 in February 1978 when she was cast as a pupil to appear in a music video for Bob Marley's song Is This Love?. In 1982, she appeared in another music video, this time as a tap dancer for Culture Club's I'll Tumble 4 Ya.

At age 15 and while still a student at the Italia Conti Academy, Campbell was spotted by Beth Boldt, a former Ford model and head of the Synchro model agency, while window-shopping in Covent Garden. Campbell soon opted to become a fulltime model, signing with Elite Model Management. Although Campbell started her career as a catwalk model, she was quickly hired for various high-profile advertising campaigns, including Lee Jeans and Olympus Corporation, which introduced her to the American market. Campbell also completed campaigns for Ralph Lauren and François Nars. At age 15 in April 1986, Campbell appeared on the cover of Elle, replacing a model who had canceled out of the appearance.

In August 1988, she appeared on the cover of Vogue Paris as that publication's first black cover girl. In addition to Vogue Paris, Campbell also became the first black model to appear on the cover of Vogue UK, Vogue Nippon and Time magazine. She has also posed nude for Playboy and appeared in Madonna's 1992 book Sex, in a set of photos with Madonna and rapper Big Daddy Kane. In total, Campbell has appeared on more than 500 magazine covers.

She famously starred in George Michael's music video Freedom! '90, where she lip-synched to his song along with fellow supermodels Linda Evangelista, Christy Turlington, Cindy Crawford and Tatjana Patitz. In 1992, Campbell appeared in Madonna's music video for Erotica, which featured filmed footage from photoshoots for the book Sex. In addition to the previously mentioned music videos, Campbell has appeared in videos for artists such as Michael Jackson, Nelly, Jagged Edge, Jay-Z, P.Diddy, The Notorious B.I.G, Macy Gray, Prince and Usher.

The highpoint of Campbell's career was in the early 1990s, when she was part of the two major supermodel powerhouses: the Big Six, alongside Cindy Crawford, Claudia Schiffer, Christy Turlington, Linda Evangelista and Kate Moss, and The Trinity, alongside Turlington and Evangelista.

Campbell is signed to IMG Models (New York City), Storm Model Management (London), Marilyn Agency (Paris), and d'management group (Milan).[6]


Other projects

Music
In 1991, Campbell was featured on Vanilla Ice's single Cool as Ice. Three years later, she sang on the Heaven's Girl track on Quincy Jones's album Q's Jook Joint. In 1995, Campbell released her debut album, Baby Woman, which produced the unsuccessful single Love and Tears. Although panned by critics and a commercial flop in the UK, where it failed to chart higher than 75,[7] Baby Woman was a success in Japan and sold over 1 million copies worldwide. Campbell's collaboration with Toshinobu Kubota, La La La Love Song, the second single from Baby Woman and the theme song to Long Vacation, became a No. 1 hit in Japan, with the single selling approximately 1,856,000 copies.


Literature
Campbell's 1994 novel Swan told the tale of a supermodel being blackmailed over dark secrets in her past. The novel was actually written by author Caroline Upcher,[8] with Campbell later explaining: "I just did not have time to sit down and write a book."[9] Campbell later released a photo collection titled Naomi, featuring pictures of Campbell taken by Richard Avedon and other leading fashion photographers.


Fashion
In 1999, Campbell developed a spin-off company, the Design House of Naomi Campbell. So far Campbell has created seven fragrances for women, most of which were released in Europe. In 2000, Campbell introduced her first perfumes, Naomi Campbell and Naomagic, a portmanteau of Campbell's name and the word "magic". In 2001, Campbell introduced her third perfume, Cat Deluxe, and in 2003 released Mystery. A year later a fifth fragrance was made, Sunset, and in 2005 another fragrance was released, Paradise Passion. Campbell's latest fragrance is a new version of her Cat Deluxe perfume called Cat Deluxe at Night.


Charity
Since 1997, Campbell has been involved in charity work mainly focused on the children and people of Sub-Saharan Africa. She has worked with Nelson Mandela, and has said that one of her greatest joys in life is knowing Mandela, stating that his kindness, passion and intelligence make him a modern world leader. In 2005, she helped create and participated in Fashion Relief, raising over a million dollars for Hurricane Katrina victims.[10] On 7 July 2007 she hosted the South African leg of Live Earth in Johannesburg.


Personal life
Campbell has several adopted father figures, including Quincy Jones and Chris Blackwell, and an adopted grandfather, Nelson Mandela.[11][12]

In the summer of 2008 many news reports informed that Campbell is going to marry Russian real estate entrepreneur Vladislav Doronin and therefore accept Russian Orthodox faith.[13][14]


Legal and Physical Assault Issues
Campbell has been arrested and convicted of physically and verbally abusing others. Accusations against Campbell include the following:

2000
In 2000, she pleaded guilty in a Toronto court to a 1998 assault on Georgina Galanis, her then assistant; Campbell had allegedly assaulted Georgina Galanis with a telephone in a hotel room and threatened to throw her out of a moving Peugeot. Under an agreement with the prosecution her record was cleared in exchange for her expressing remorse; Campbell also paid Galanis an undisclosed sum and agreed to attend anger management classes.[15]

2004
In March 2004 the House of Lords overturned a Court of Appeal judgement and awarded Campbell damages in the amount of £3, 500.00 upholding an earlier judgement that her right to privacy had been infringed following publication of photographs of her leaving a Narcotics Anonymous clinic.[16]

2005
In March 2005, Campbell allegedly slapped assistant Amanda Brack and beat her around the head with a BlackBerry personal organiser. Campbell's spokesman Rob Shuter denied the incident ever took place. In July 2006, Brack began legal proceedings against Campbell, claiming Campbell abused her verbally and physically on three continents. Brack accused Campbell of assault, battery, and infliction of emotional distress in incidents that started a month after she began working for her in February 2005. Campbell countersued for an unknown amount.[17] Italian actress Yvonne Sciò has claimed Campbell left her "covered in blood" after an altercation at a Rome hotel, allegedly due to the fact that Sciò had worn the same dress as Campbell. Sciò's claim: "She punched me in the face. She was like Mike Tyson." [18][19]

2006
On 30 March 2006 in New York City, Campbell was arrested for allegedly assaulting her housekeeper with a jewel-encrusted mobile phone, resulting in a bloody head that required several stitches.[20] She was charged with second degree assault, a felony that carries a minimum sentence of one year and a maximum of seven years in prison.[21] On 28 September 2006, Campbell did not attend a required court appearance in New York City, and the judge ruled that he would order her arrest if she failed to turn up in court the following week, on charges of a second-degree assault on her housekeeper, and could be jailed for up to seven years if convicted.[22] On 25 October 2006, Campbell was arrested in London on suspicion of assault;[23] she was released on police bail. On 14 November 2006, another former Campbell housekeeper, Gaby Gibson, began a new court case against Campbell seeking unspecified damages, and accused her ex-employer of being a "violent super-bigot".[24] On 15 November 2006, Campbell appeared in criminal court in New York City regarding her March 2006 assault charges. Her defence lawyer and the prosecutor told the judge that they were "still in the process of working out a possible plea deal in the case".[25] The Boston-based law firm Sullivan & Worcester, which had assigned a top litigator to defend Campbell throughout her many escapades, severed their relationship with Campbell in 2006, allegedly stating publicly that Campbell was a danger to everyone around her.[citation needed]

2007
On 16 January 2007, Campbell pleaded guilty to a charge of reckless assault against her maid Ana Scolavino. She was sentenced to five days community service and ordered to attend two days of an anger management course. In addition, she was ordered to pay medical bills of $363 (£185) to Scolavino who required four stitches after the incident.[26] According to a report on CNN, Campbell blames "her temper on lingering resentment toward her father for abandoning her as a child".[27] On 19 March 2007, Campbell began mopping floors at New York's Sanitation Department for her service.[28] On 20 August 2007, New York Supreme Court Judge Michael Stallman[29] issued a decision and order[30] denying Campbell's legal attempt to exclude Gaby Gibson's references from her history of well-publicised, allegedly "chronic abusive and repeatedly violent conduct toward her employees." Judge Stallman reasoned that "if proven, the reports of Campbell's conduct" might result in proving that it was so "wanton or outrageous" to justify the punitive damages sought by Campbell's ex-housekeeper.[30]

2008
On 3 April 2008, Campbell was arrested inside Heathrow's Terminal 5 on suspicion of assaulting a police officer after one of her bags had been lost.[31][32] Campbell was subsequently banned from flying globally with British Airways by the airline.[33] She was charged with three counts of assaulting a constable, which carries a maximum sentence of six months in prison and a fine of up to £5,000, one count of disorderly conduct likely to cause harassment, alarm or distress, which is punishable by a fine of up to £2,500, and one count of using threatening, abusive words or behaviour towards cabin crew, which comes with a maximum penalty of £1,000.[34] On 20 June 2008, Campbell pled guilty to four of the six charges against her, while the Crown Prosecution Service decided to drop the other two charges. The remaining charges include two counts of assaulting a police constable; one of using threatening, abusive words or behaviour to cabin crew; and one of using insulting, abusive, threatening behaviour or disorderly conduct likely to cause harassment, alarm or distress. [35] Campbell cited racial verbal abuse from members of the airline crew of British Airways as the reason for her outburst. Campbell was sentenced to 200 hours of community service in relation to these charges. [36] Campbell also alleged that British Airways staff called her a "golliwog supermodel" [37][38] in the incident.


Filmography
Cool as Ice (1991)
In The Closet (video)
Erotica (video)
The Night We Never Met (1993)
Ready to Wear (1994) (Cameo)
Unzipped (1995) (documentary)
Miami Rhapsody (1995)
To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything! Julie Newmar (1995)
Catwalk (1996) (documentary)
Girl 6 (1996)
Invasion of Privacy (1996)
Beautopia (1998) (documentary)
An Alan Smithee Film: Burn Hollywood Burn (1998)
Trippin' (1999)
Prisoner of Love (1999)
Ali G Indahouse (2002)
Fat Slags (2004)
The Call (2006) (short subject)
Karma, Confessions

Iman

I picture this model as a AWESOME model.She does her best at everything.I have been looking through her profiles and her photo shoots and they are SUPERB!!!!

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was born in Inglewood, California, the daughter of Carolyn (née London), a fashion manager and NASA photographer, and Donald Banks, a computer consultant.[3][6] The couple divorced in 1990, when Banks was 16 years old; although, the relationship of her parents, and especially her brother Devin Banks (born 1968), stayed friendly.[citation needed] Later, Carolyn married Clifford Johnson; she now goes by Carolyn London-Johnson. Banks attended John Burroughs Middle School and graduated in 1991 from Immaculate Heart High School in Los Angeles. She was accepted by colleges such as USC and UCLA for television producing.[7][8]


[edit] Career

[edit] Modeling
Banks began modeling in the 11th grade.[9] She later went to Paris, France to do some runway modeling. Within Banks' first week in Paris, designers were so entranced by her presence on the runway that she was booked for an unprecedented twenty-five shows - a record in the business for a newcomer. She has done extensive print and/or runway work for fashion/advertising giants, such as Anna Sui, Coors Light, CoverGirl, Badgley Mischka, Bill Blass, Cynthia Rowley, Chanel, Christian Dior, Dolce & Gabbana, Donna Karan, Gemma Kahng, H&M, Isaac Mizrahi, Maria Snyder, McDonald's, Aislinn Dubois Modeling Agency, Michael Kors, Milk, Nicole Miller, Nike, Inc., Oscar de la Renta, Pepsi, Perry Ellis, Randy Kemper, Richard Tyler, Rifat Ozbek, Swatch, Todd Oldham, Tommy Hilfiger, Victoria's Secret and Yves Saint Laurent. She has appeared on the covers of high-fashion magazines such as Vogue, Harper's Bazaar, Cosmopolitan and Elle.

Banks was the first African American woman on the covers of GQ and the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue.[10] In 1997, she received the VH1 award for Supermodel of the Year. That same year, she became the first-ever African American chosen for the cover of the Victoria's Secret catalog. Banks was featured in a Playboy May 1997 pictorial on supermodels with Naomi Campbell, Cindy Crawford, Jennifer Driver, Eva Herzigová, Iman, Elle Macpherson, Kate Moss, Shana Phipps, Claudia Schiffer, Stephanie Seymour and Amber Smith. Claudia Schiffer was on the cover.